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Richard Haynes +44 (0)1865 743743
recoverytrial@ndph.ox.ac.uk


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Be Part of Research - Trial Details - Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy
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Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy

Recruiting

Open to: ALL

Age: 0.0 - N/A

Oxford

Medical Conditions

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

This information is provided directly by researchers, and we recognise that it isn't always easy to understand. We are working with researchers to improve the accessibility of this information. In some summaries, you may come across links to external websites. These websites will have more information to help you better understand the study.


RECOVERY is a randomised trial of treatments to prevent death in patients hospitalised with pneumonia.

The treatments being investigated are:

COVID-19: Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Hydroxychloroquine, Corticosteroids, Azithromycin, Colchicine, IV Immunoglobulin (children only), Convalescent plasma, Casirivimab+Imdevimab, Tocilizumab, Aspirin, Baricitinib, Empagliflozin, Sotrovimab, Molnupiravir, Paxlovid or Anakinra (children only)

Influenza: Baloxavir marboxil, Oseltamivir, Low-dose corticosteroids - Dexamethasone

Community-acquired pneumonia: Low-dose corticosteroids - Dexamethasone

Start dates may differ between countries and research sites. The research team are responsible for keeping the information up-to-date.  

The recruitment start and end dates are as follows:

Mar 2020 Jun 2026

Publications

"RECOVERY Collaborative Group; Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, Linsell L, Staplin N, Brightling C, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Green C, Felton T, Chadwick D, Rege K, Fegan C, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Juszczak E, Baillie JK, Haynes R, Landray MJ. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 25;384(8):693-704. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. Epub 2020 Jul 17."; "32678530"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2020 Oct 24;396(10259):1345-1352. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32013-4. Epub 2020 Oct 5."; "33031764"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group; Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, Bell JL, Staplin N, Emberson JR, Wiselka M, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Whitehouse T, Felton T, Williams J, Faccenda J, Underwood J, Baillie JK, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Lim WS, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Tarning J, Watson JA, White NJ, Juszczak E, Haynes R, Landray MJ. Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 19;383(21):2030-2040. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022926. Epub 2020 Oct 8."; "33031652"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021 Feb 13;397(10274):605-612. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00149-5. Epub 2021 Feb 2."; "33545096"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021 May 1;397(10285):1637-1645. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00676-0."; "33933206"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021 May 29;397(10289):2049-2059. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00897-7. Epub 2021 May 14."; "34000257"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Dec;9(12):1419-1426. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00435-5. Epub 2021 Oct 18."; "34672950"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2022 Jan 8;399(10320):143-151. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01825-0. Epub 2021 Nov 17."; "34800427"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2022 Feb 12;399(10325):665-676. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00163-5."; "35151397"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Baricitinib in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial and updated meta-analysis. Lancet. 2022 Jul 30;400(10349):359-368. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01109-6."; "35908569"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. medRxiv. 25 September 2022. doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.23.22280285"; null; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Electronic address: recoverytrial@ndph.ox.ac.uk; RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Higher dose corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 who are hypoxic but not requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2023 May 6;401(10387):1499-1507. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00510-X. Epub 2023 Apr 13."; "37060915"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Empagliflozin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023 Dec;11(12):905-914. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00253-X. Epub 2023 Oct 18."; "37865101"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Sotrovimab versus usual care in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Aug 28:S1473-3099(25)00361-5. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00361-5. Online ahead of print."; "40886716"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir-ritonavir plus usual care versus usual care alone in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Sep;25(9):1000-1010. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00093-3. Epub 2025 May 15."; "40383127"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Higher dose corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2025 Feb 12;81:103080. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103080. eCollection 2025 Mar."; "40036152"; "Pessoa-Amorim G, Goldacre R, Crichton C, Stevens W, Nunn M, King A, Murray D, Welsh R, Pinches H, Rees A, Morris EJA, Landray MJ, Haynes R, Horby P, Wallendszus K, Peto L, Campbell M, Harper C, Mafham M. Clinical trial results in context: comparison of baseline characteristics and outcomes of 38,510 RECOVERY trial participants versus a reference population of 346,271 people hospitalised with COVID-19 in England. Trials. 2024 Jun 29;25(1):429. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08273-9."; "38951929"; "RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Immunomodulatory therapy in children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS, MIS-C; RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2024 Mar;8(3):190-200. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00316-4. Epub 2024 Jan 22."; "38272046"; "Fischer AL, Messer S, Riera R, Martimbianco ALC, Stegemann M, Estcourt LJ, Weibel S, Monsef I, Andreas M, Pacheco RL, Skoetz N. Antiplatelet agents for the treatment of adults with COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jul 25;7(7):CD015078. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015078."; "37489818"; "Iannizzi C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Kimber C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Jindal A, Cryns N, Estcourt LJ, Kreuzberger N, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 May 10;5(5):CD013600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub6."; "37162745"; "Iannizzi C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Kimber C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Jindal A, Cryns N, Estcourt LJ, Kreuzberger N, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Feb 1;2(2):CD013600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub5."; "36734509"; "Chevret S, Timsit JF, Biard L. Challenges of using external data in clinical trials- an illustration in patients with COVID-19. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2022 Dec 15;22(1):321. doi: 10.1186/s12874-022-01769-5."; "36522698"; "Hirsch C, Park YS, Piechotta V, Chai KL, Estcourt LJ, Monsef I, Salomon S, Wood EM, So-Osman C, McQuilten Z, Spinner CD, Malin JJ, Stegemann M, Skoetz N, Kreuzberger N. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jun 17;6(6):CD014945. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014945.pub2."; "35713300"; "Kramer A, Prinz C, Fichtner F, Fischer AL, Thieme V, Grundeis F, Spagl M, Seeber C, Piechotta V, Metzendorf MI, Golinski M, Moerer O, Stephani C, Mikolajewska A, Kluge S, Stegemann M, Laudi S, Skoetz N. Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jun 13;6(6):CD015209. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015209."; "35695334"; "Mikolajewska A, Fischer AL, Piechotta V, Mueller A, Metzendorf MI, Becker M, Dorando E, Pacheco RL, Martimbianco ALC, Riera R, Skoetz N, Stegemann M. Colchicine for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 18;10(10):CD015045. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015045."; "34658014"; "Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Tomlinson E, Khosravi Z, Popp M, Neidhardt M, Piechotta V, Salomon S, Valk SJ, Monsef I, Schmaderer C, Wood EM, So-Osman C, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 2;9(9):CD013825. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013825.pub2."; "34473343"; "Piechotta V, Iannizzi C, Chai KL, Valk SJ, Kimber C, Dorando E, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 20;5(5):CD013600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub4."; "34013969"; "Tume LN, Menzies JC, Ray S, Scholefield BR; UK Paediatric Intensive Care Society Study Group. Research Priorities for U.K. Pediatric Critical Care in 2019: Healthcare Professionals' and Parents' Perspectives. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021 May 1;22(5):e294-e301. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002647."; "33394942"

INTERVENTIONAL

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Lopinavir 400mg-Ritonavir 100mg by mouth (or nasogastric tube) every 12 hours for 10 days.

Intervention Arm Group : Lopinavir-Ritonavir;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Corticosteroid in the form of dexamethasone administered as an oral (liquid or tablets) or intravenous preparation 6 mg once daily for 10 days. In pregnancy or breastfeeding women, prednisolone 40 mg administered by mouth (or intravenous hydrocortisone 80 mg twice daily) should be used instead of dexamethasone. Corticosteroid (in children ≤44 weeks gestational age, or \>44 weeks gestational age with PIMS-TS only) in the form of Hydrocortisone or Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (see Protocol for timing and dosage)

Intervention Arm Group : Low dose corticosteroids;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Hydroxychloroquine by mouth for a total of 10 days (see Protocol for timing and dosage).

Intervention Arm Group : Hydroxychloroquine;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Azithromycin 500mg by mouth (or nasogastric tube) or intravenously once daily for 10 days.

Intervention Arm Group : Azithromycin;

Intervention Type : BIOLOGICAL
Intervention Description : Single unit of ABO compatible convalescent plasma (275mls +/- 75 mls) intravenous per day on study days 1 (as soon as possible after randomisation) and 2 (with a minimum of 12 hour interval between 1st and 2nd units).

Intervention Arm Group : Convalescent plasma;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Tocilizumab by intravenous infusion with the dose determined by body weight (see Protocol for dosage)

Intervention Arm Group : Tocilizumab;

Intervention Type : BIOLOGICAL
Intervention Description : Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for children \>44 weeks gestational age and \<18 years with PIMS-TS only (see Protocol for dosage)

Intervention Arm Group : Intravenous Immunoglobulin;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Patients ≥12 years only with COVID-19 pneumonia: A single dose of REGN10933 + REGN10987 8 g (4 g of each monoclonal antibody) in 250ml 0.9% saline infused intravenously over 60 minutes +/- 15 minutes as soon as possible after randomisation

Intervention Arm Group : Synthetic neutralising antibodies;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : 150 mg by mouth (or nasogastric tube) or per rectum once daily until discharge, for adults ≥18 years old.

Intervention Arm Group : Aspirin;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : 1 mg after randomisation followed by 500mcg 12 hours later and then 500 mcg twice daily by mouth or nasogastric tube for 10 days in total, for men ≥18 years old and women ≥55 years old only

Intervention Arm Group : Colchicine;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : UK \[age ≥2 years with COVID pneumonia\] and India \[age ≥18 years with COVID-19 pneumonia\]: 4 mg once daily by mouth or nasogastric tube for 10 days in total.

Intervention Arm Group : Baricitinib;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : For children ≥1 \<18 years old only: subcutaneously or intravenously once daily for 7 days or discharge (if sooner). NB Anakinra will be excluded from the randomisation of children \<10 kg in weight.

Intervention Arm Group : Anakinra;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Early phase assessment. UK adults ≥18 years old only (excluding those on ECMO). 120 mg every 12 hours for 4 doses followed by 240 mg every 12 hours by mouth for 8 days (10 days in total).

Intervention Arm Group : Dimethyl fumarate;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Adults ≥18 years old with hypoxia only. Dexamethasone 20 mg (base) once daily by mouth, nasogastric tube or intravenous infusion for 5 days follow by dexamethasone 10 mg (base) once daily by mouth, nasogastric tube or intravenous infusion for 5 days.

Intervention Arm Group : High Dose Corticosteroids;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Adults ≥18 years old only. 10 mg once daily by mouth for 28 days (or until discharge, if earlier).

Intervention Arm Group : Empagliflozin;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : UK patients ≥12 years old. 1000 mg in 100 mL 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose by intravenous infusion over 1 hour as soon as possible after randomisation.

Intervention Arm Group : Sotrovimab;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Patients ≥18 years old. 800 mg twice daily for 5 days by mouth.

Intervention Arm Group : Molnupiravir;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : UK patients ≥18 years old. 300/100 mg twice daily for 5 days by mouth.

Intervention Arm Group : Paxlovid;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Patients ≥12 years old in the UK (or ≥18 years old in other countries), with or without SARS-CoV-2 co-infection.

40mg (or 80mg if weight ≥80kg) once daily by mouth or nasogastic tube to be given on day 1 and day 4.

Intervention Arm Group : Baloxavir marboxil;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Any age in the UK (or ≥18 years old in other countries), with or without SARS-CoV-2 co-infection.

75mg twice daily by mouth or nasogastric tube for five days. (See Protocol for detailed dosage information)

Intervention Arm Group : Oseltamivir;

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : Any age in the UK (or ≥18 years old in other countries), without suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and with clinical evidence of hypoxia (i.e. receiving oxygen or with oxygen saturations \<92% on room air) 6mg once daily given orally or intravenously for ten days or until discharge (whichever happens earliest)

Intervention Arm Group : Low-dose corticosteroids: Dexamethasone (influenza arm);

Intervention Type : DRUG
Intervention Description : ≥18 years old) with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (with planned antibiotic use and without suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2, influenza, active pulmonary tuberculosis, or Pneumocystis jirovecii infection) 6mg once daily given orally or intravenously for ten days or until discharge (whichever happens earliest)

Intervention Arm Group : Low-dose corticosteroids: Dexamethasone (pneumonia arm);



You can take part if:



You may not be able to take part if:


This is in the inclusion criteria above


Below are the locations for where you can take part in the trial. Please note that not all sites may be open.

  • Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford
    Oxford
    OX3 7LF

Richard Haynes +44 (0)1865 743743
recoverytrial@ndph.ox.ac.uk



The study is sponsored by University of Oxford and is in collaboration with UK Research and Innovation; National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Department for International Development, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections; Flu Lab.



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Read full details for Trial ID: NCT04381936
Last updated 02 January 2024

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